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More than 1 year ago
- Mr. Saeed Hamidi , Birjand university ,
- Aboulfazl Yousefi , Birjand university ,
- Dr. Hashem Jahangir , Birjand university ,
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Paper Abstract
Machine learning is an enchanting realm of computer science that delves into the creation of enchanting algorithms and models that possess the mystical ability to automatically learn from the vast expanse of data. These wondrous algorithms possess the power to unravel hidden patterns, foretell impending outcomes, and conjure decisions with the guidance of input data. Behold, neural networks emerge as mesmerizing computational models that mirror the intricate design of the human nervous system. These ethereal networks are composed of captivating layers and interconnected computational units that dance in harmonious unity. Deep learning is a mesmerizing subset of machine learning that emerges as a captivating discipline that fixates on the utilization of neural networks adorned with an extravagant number of layers and units. These ethereal networks possess the otherworldly ability to extract profound wisdom from the complexities of data and the depths of intricate structures. They are summoned forth to fulfill tasks of great magnitude, such as the recognition of ethereal images, the translation of tongues, and the processing of the bountiful language of nature. Within this sacred tome, in this paper embarked on a comprehensive odyssey through the sacred principles of deep learning and machine learning. This paper unraveled the enigmatic concepts, and mystical methods, and manifested the enchanting applications that dwell within these realms. As the quest draws to a close, the current study embarked upon a profound reflection, gazing upon the strengths and weaknesses that grace these realms and the outcomes they bestow upon the seekers who dare to venture forth.
- Deep learning and machine learning have had a significant impact on various industries and domains.
- Neural networks emerged in the 1950s and have since undergone advancements in hardware and algorithms.
- Deep learning has been successfully applied in fields such as medicine, object detection, facial recognition, and image classification.
- There are different architectures and methodologies for deep learning neural networks, including convolutional methods.
- The analysis and processing of multidimensional datasets require innovative algorithms to extract valuable information.
- Machine learning involves the construction of analytical models and tackles various tasks through the utilization of specific data.
- Federated learning, edge computing, and hardware architectures inspired by the human brain are areas of research in machine learning.
- Optimization algorithms, component pruning, and sparse networks are methods used to enhance the efficiency of neural networks.
- Supervised learning includes regression and classification tasks.
Paper Highlights
More than 3 years ago
- Ms. Atefeh Soleymani , Departement of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of kerman ,
- Mr. Hamed Hasani , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birjand ,
- Dr. Hashem Jahangir , Birjand university ,
- Mr. Ehsan Yazdanpanah , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birjand ,
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Paper Abstract
Existing structures should be strengthened as a result of age and/or changes in predicted load patterns and magnitudes. To this end, among various options, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars have been increasingly used in reinforced concrete buildings during the last two decades, replacing traditional steel reinforcement, particularly in places with harsh weather conditions because of its simplicity and convenience. In shear and flexural applications, bonding between fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and concrete is critical for stress transmission between the concrete structure's member and reinforcement. As there are numerous published studies that focus on the FRP-concrete bond strength, the relevant research works on the bond between FRP and concrete are reviewed in this paper. In this comprehensive overview the main papers and their methodologies are provided and discussed, as well as their variations, which used by various researchers. The benefits and drawbacks of each research work are discussed, as well as some views, results and the need for more study. The database findings indicate that FRP bar is an excellent reinforcing material for concrete structures.
More than 3 years ago
- Mr. Hamed Hasani , Birjand university ,
- Dr. Seyed Mojtaba Mosavi Nezhad , Birjand university ,
- Ms. Atefeh Soleymani , Departement of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University , kerman ,
- Ms. Fatemeh Shahbaziaval , Birjand university ,
- Dr. Hashem Jahangir , Birjand university ,
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Paper Abstract
Concrete, which is usually brittle, can be made tougher and more impact-resistant by adding crumb rubber to the mix. In standard concrete, fatigue and impact loads can cause premature failures. Rubber aggregates might help solve that problem. In spite of its loss of some mechanical properties, crumb rubber concrete can be treated using suitable aggregates. The mechanical, chemical, thermal, and microwave treatments can increase the adhesive properties of crumb rubber aggregates. The use of scrap tires for crumb rubber in concrete would have a huge environmental impact since it would solve the disposal challenges and conserve natural aggregate resources in short supply. Although some literature is available on the properties of crumb rubber concrete, it is necessary to evaluate methods to overcome its deficiencies. A major focus of the paper is to examine the acoustic, durability, mechanical, and thermal properties of concrete with untreated or treated crumb rubber. A classification of beneficial treatments is presented. The overall results show that utilizing crumb rubber concrete will help protect the environment and conserve natural aggregates by sustainably utilizing waste material.
- The incorporation of CR can significantly reduce the environmental impact of waste tires by solving the problem of transportation and disposal.
- Concrete can be made tougher, abrasion-resistant, impact-resistant, and abrasion-resistant by adding relatively small amounts of CR.
- CRC's mechanical properties can be drastically reduced if too much CR is used. Due to its density, entrapped air, and reduced bond between cement mortar and CRC, CRC has diminished mechanical properties.
Paper Highlights
- R. Roychand, R. J. Gravina, Y. Zhuge, X. Ma, O. Youssf, and J. E. Mills, “A comprehensive review on the mechanical properties of waste tire rubber concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 237, p. 117651, Mar. 2020.
- S. M. Al-Salem, P. Lettieri, and J. Baeyens, “Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): A review,” Waste Management, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 2625–2643, Oct. 2009.
- S. T. El Sheltawy, E. G. Al-Sakkari, and M. M. K. Fouad, “Waste-to-Energy Trends and Prospects: A Review,” in Waste Management and Resource Efficiency, Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019, pp. 673–684.
- Z. Yang, R. Ji, L. Liu, X. Wang, and Z. Zhang, “Recycling of municipal solid waste incineration by-product for cement composites preparation,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 162, pp. 794–801, Feb. 2018.
- R. Roychand, B. Kumar Pramanik, G. Zhang, and S. Setunge, “Recycling steel slag from municipal wastewater treatment plants into concrete applications – A step towards circular economy,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 152, p. 104533, Jan. 2020.
- W. Ruwona, G. Danha, and E. Muzenda, “A Review on Material and Energy Recovery from Waste Tyres,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 35, pp. 216–222, 2019.
- A. Siddika, M. A. Al Mamun, R. Alyousef, Y. H. M. Amran, F. Aslani, and H. Alabduljabbar, “Properties and utilizations of waste tire rubber in concrete: A review,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 224, pp. 711–731, Nov. 2019.
- A. A. Gheni, M. A. ElGawady, and J. J. Myers, “Mechanical Characterization of Concrete Masonry Units Manufactured with Crumb Rubber Aggregate,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 114, no. 1, Feb. 2017.
- K. Strukar, T. Kalman Šipoš, I. Miličević, and R. Bušić, “Potential use of rubber as aggregate in structural reinforced concrete element – A review,” Engineering Structures, vol. 188, pp. 452–468, Jun. 2019.
- H. Zhu, “Crumb Rubber Concrete Bridge Deck,” 2017.
- M. Santandrea et al., “An investigation of the debonding mechanism in steel FRP- and FRCM-concrete joints,” in 4th Workshop on The New Boundaries of Structural Concrete, 2016, pp. 289–298.
- M. Bagheri, A. Chahkandi, and H. Jahangir, “Seismic Reliability Analysis of RC Frames Rehabilitated by Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers,” International Journal of Civil Engineering, May 2019.
- J. Wang, Q. Dai, S. Guo, and R. Si, “Mechanical and durability performance evaluation of crumb rubber-modified epoxy polymer concrete overlays,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 203, pp. 469–480, Apr. 2019.
- R. Sovják et al., “Utilization of crumb rubber and FBC-based ternary binder in shotcrete lining,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 11, p. e00234, Dec. 2019.
- M. K. Ismail and A. A. A. Hassan, “Use of Steel Fibers to Optimize Self-Consolidating Concrete Mixtures Containing Crumb Rubber,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 114, no. 4, Aug. 2017.
- B. S. Thomas, R. C. Gupta, and V. John Panicker, “Experimental and modelling studies on high strength concrete containing waste tire rubber,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 19, pp. 68–73, Dec. 2015.
- I. Mohammadi and H. Khabbaz, “Shrinkage performance of Crumb Rubber Concrete (CRC) prepared by water-soaking treatment method for rigid pavements,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 62, pp. 106–116, Sep. 2015.
- V. Farhangi et al., “Behaviour Investigation of SMA-Equipped Bar Hysteretic Dampers Using Machine Learning Techniques,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 21, p. 10057, Oct. 2021.
- X. Chen, Z. Liu, S. Guo, Y. Huang, and W. Xu, “Experimental study on fatigue properties of normal and rubberized self-compacting concrete under bending,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 205, pp. 10–20, Apr. 2019.
- H. Jahangir and M. R. Esfahani, “Numerical Study of Bond – Slip Mechanism in Advanced Externally Bonded Strengthening Composites,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 4509–4518, Nov. 2018.
- H. Hasani, H. Jahangir, D. Rezazadeh Eidgahee, and H. R. Nasseri, “Evaluation of Existing Axial Compressive Strength Models of FRP-Confined Circular Concrete Columns,” in 4th International Conference & 5th National Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture, Art and Urban Design, 2021.
- H. Hasani, H. Jahangir, D. Rezazadeh Eidgahee, and H. R. Nasseri, “Behavior Investigation of Rectangular Concrete Columns Confined by Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” in 2nd Conference on Urban Planning, Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, 2021.
- R. A. Assaggaf, M. R. Ali, S. U. Al-Dulaijan, and M. Maslehuddin, “Properties of concrete with untreated and treated crumb rubber – A review,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 11, pp. 1753–1798, Mar. 2021.
- N. N. Gerges, C. A. Issa, and S. A. Fawaz, “Rubber concrete: Mechanical and dynamical properties,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 9, p. e00184, Dec. 2018.
- L. Li, S. Ruan, and L. Zeng, “Mechanical properties and constitutive equations of concrete containing a low volume of tire rubber particles,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 70, pp. 291–308, Nov. 2014.
- P. Sukontasukkul, “Use of crumb rubber to improve thermal and sound properties of pre-cast concrete panel,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1084–1092, Feb. 2009.
- S. Herrero, P. Mayor, and F. Hernández-Olivares, “Influence of proportion and particle size gradation of rubber from end-of-life tires on mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties of plaster–rubber mortars,” Materials & Design, vol. 47, pp. 633–642, May 2013.
- S. Ramarad, M. Khalid, C. T. Ratnam, A. L. Chuah, and W. Rashmi, “Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future,” Progress in Materials Science, vol. 72, pp. 100–140, Jul. 2015.
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- S. Kaewunruen, D. Li, Y. Chen, and Z. Xiang, “Enhancement of Dynamic Damping in Eco-Friendly Railway Concrete Sleepers Using Waste-Tyre Crumb Rubber,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1169, Jul. 2018.
- E. Ganjian, M. Khorami, and A. A. Maghsoudi, “Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1828–1836, May 2009.
- Z. K. Khatib and F. M. Bayomy, “Rubberized Portland Cement Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 206–213, Aug. 1999.
- H. Su, J. Yang, T.-C. Ling, G. S. Ghataora, and S. Dirar, “Properties of concrete prepared with waste tyre rubber particles of uniform and varying sizes,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 91, pp. 288–296, Mar. 2015.
- X. Zhu, C. Miao, J. Liu, and J. Hong, “Influence of Crumb Rubber on Frost Resistance of Concrete and Effect Mechanism,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 27, pp. 206–213, 2012.
- M. M. Reda Taha, A. S. El-Dieb, M. A. Abd El-Wahab, and M. E. Abdel-Hameed, “Mechanical, Fracture, and Microstructural Investigations of Rubber Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 640–649, Oct. 2008.
- N. Holmes, A. Browne, and C. Montague, “Acoustic properties of concrete panels with crumb rubber as a fine aggregate replacement,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 73, pp. 195–204, Dec. 2014.
- M. Bravo and J. de Brito, “Concrete made with used tyre aggregate: durability-related performance,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 25, pp. 42–50, Apr. 2012.
- A. Moustafa and M. A. ElGawady, “Mechanical properties of high strength concrete with scrap tire rubber,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 93, pp. 249–256, Sep. 2015.
- A. Kashani, T. D. Ngo, P. Hemachandra, and A. Hajimohammadi, “Effects of surface treatments of recycled tyre crumb on cement-rubber bonding in concrete composite foam,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 171, pp. 467–473, May 2018.
- O. Youssf et al., “Influence of Mixing Procedures, Rubber Treatment, and Fibre Additives on Rubcrete Performance,” Journal of Composites Science, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 41, Apr. 2019.
- B. Muñoz-Sánchez, M. J. Arévalo-Caballero, and M. C. Pacheco-Menor, “Influence of acetic acid and calcium hydroxide treatments of rubber waste on the properties of rubberized mortars,” Materials and Structures, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 75, Feb. 2017.
- A. C. Marques, J. L. Akasaki, A. P. M. Trigo, and M. L. Marques, “Influence of the surface treatment of tire rubber residues added in mortars,” Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 113–120, 2008.
- C. Albano, N. Camacho, J. Reyes, J. L. Feliu, and M. Hernández, “Influence of scrap rubber addition to Portland I concrete composites: Destructive and non-destructive testing,” Composite Structures, vol. 71, no. 3–4, pp. 439–446, Dec. 2005.
- N. N. Eldin and A. B. Senouci, “Measurement and prediction of the strength of rubberized concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 287–298, Jan. 1994.
- H. S. Lee, H. Lee, J. S. Moon, and and H. W. Jung., “Development of tire added latex concrete,” 1998.
- K.-H. Chung and Y.-K. Hong, “Introductory behavior of rubber concrete,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 35–40, Apr. 1999.
- Skripkiūnas, Gintautas, A. Grinys, and and K. Miškinis, “Damping properties of concrete with rubber waste additives,” 2009.
- M. M. Balaha, A. A. M. , Badawy, & Hashish, and M., “Effect of using ground waste tire rubber as fine aggregate on the behaviour of concrete mixes,” 2007.
- L. P. Rivas-Vázquez, R. Suárez-Orduña, J. Hernández-Torres, and E. Aquino-Bolaños, “Effect of the surface treatment of recycled rubber on the mechanical strength of composite concrete/rubber,” Materials and Structures, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 2809–2814, Sep. 2015.
- E.-S. Abd-Elaal et al., “Novel approach to improve crumb rubber concrete strength using thermal treatment,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 229, p. 116901, Dec. 2019.
- K. B. Najim and M. R. Hall, “Crumb rubber aggregate coatings/pre-treatments and their effects on interfacial bonding, air entrapment and fracture toughness in self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC),” Materials and Structures, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 2029–2043, Dec. 2013.
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Paper References
More than 3 years ago
- Dr. Hashem Jahangir , Birjand university ,
- Mr. Hamed Hasani , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birjand ,
- Ms. Atefeh Soleymani , Departement of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University , kerman ,
- Mr. Mohammad Bashir Azizi , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birjand ,
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Paper Abstract
The composite steel shear wall (CSSW) consists of a steel shear wall (SSW) attached to a reinforced concrete panel using bolts or connectors. In this way, thick-walled steel plates exhibit a higher load-carrying capacity and are less likely to buckle out of the plane. This paper develops a new analytical strip model for 3, 8 and 15 floors frames equipped with CSSW as well as traditional steel shear walls (SSWs) to investigate their seismic behavior. The results of conducted pushover analyses showed that more plastic hinges were created in the CSSW-equipped frames than SSW-equipped ones, indicating more energy absorption, fewer damages and more durability.
- The seismic behavior of 3, 8 and 15-floor frames equipped with composite steel shear walls (CSSW) and conventional steel shear walls (SSW) was analyzed by pushover analysis.
- To this end, triangular template lateral loading was applied to the numerical models, and the plastic hinges of beams, columns and diagonal steel strips were obtained.
- The diagonal steel strips went to the plastic region before the surrounding beams and columns in all numerical models.
Paper Highlights
- Yang Y, Cho IH. Multiple Target Machine Learning Prediction of Capacity Curves of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls. Soft Computing in Civil Engineering 2021;5:90–113. doi:10.22115/SCCE.2021.314998.1381.
- Ekici B, Kutucu S, (CEC) İS-…, IEEE 2015, 2015 undefined. Addressing the high-rise form finding problem by evolutionary computation. IeeexploreIeeeOrg n.d.
- Isaac P, and BI-IRJ of E, 2017 undefined. Comparative study of performance of high rise buildings with diagrid, hexagrid and octagrid systems under dynamic loading. IrjetNet n.d.
- Shalchi Tousi M, Ghazavi M, Laali S. Optimizing Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls Using Gases Brownian Motion Algorithm (GBMOA). Soft Computing in Civil Engineering 2021;5:1–18. doi:10.22115/scce.2021.248638.1256.
- Taherian I, Ghalehnovi M, Jahangir H. Analytical Study on Composite Steel Plate Walls Using a Modified Strip Model. 7th International Conference on seismologhy and Earthquake Engineering, 2015.
- Jaiswal OR, Jain SK. 13 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Indian Concrete Journal 2004;78:74–6. doi:10.5459/bnzsee.38.1.41-49.
- Farhangi V, Jahangir H, Eidgahee DR, Karimipour A, Javan SAN, Hasani H, et al. Behaviour Investigation of SMA-Equipped Bar Hysteretic Dampers Using Machine Learning Techniques. Applied Sciences 2021;11:10057. doi:10.3390/app112110057.
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Paper References
More than 3 years ago
- Mr. Hamed Hasani , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birjand ,
- Ms. Atefeh Soleymani , Departement of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University , kerman ,
- Dr. Hashem Jahangir , Birjand university ,
- Mr. Mohammad Bashir Azizi , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birjand ,
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Paper Abstract
The use of industrial waste as a building material plays an important role in sustainability. During the combustion of pulverized coal, fly ash is generated as a waste product. An overview of research on the use of sintered fly ash aggregate for the production of light-weight structural concrete is presented here. In this paper, the aggregate properties of fly ash are also determined by the physical, chemical, and pelletizing parameters of the flash. This paper also discussed temperatures and durations of sintering and their significance. A description of the sintered fly ash aggregate's mechanical and physical properties was also provided. Literature review indicates that such aggregates are 16–46% lighter and have a higher water absorption capacity than normal-weight aggregates. The concrete produced with sintered fly ash concrete exhibited high strength and mechanical properties as well as durability.. The compressive strengths of sintered fly ash aggregate concrete range from 27-74 MPa, and the densities range from 1651-2017 kg/m3. Fly ash aggregate concrete seems to perform well in terms of structural applications. Sintered fly ash aggregate concrete has been identified as potential structural concrete material.
- Fly ash for construction cannot be generated, characterized, or used without understanding how it is produced.
- In addition, fly ash is diverted from landfills, reducing the need for OPC. A cleaner production process can also be achieved by reducing air pollution, emissions, and solid waste.
- The physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of fly ash make it an inherently complex material. The combustion temperature, cooling rate, and composition of fly ash all influence its physical and cementitious properties.
Paper Highlights
- S. Marinković, J. Dragaš, I. Ignjatović, and N. Tošić, “Environmental assessment of green concretes for structural use,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 154, pp. 633–649, Jun. 2017.
- J. L. Provis, A. Palomo, and C. Shi, “Advances in understanding alkali-activated materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 78, pp. 110–125, Dec. 2015.
- Z. T. Yao et al., “A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash,” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 141, pp. 105–121, Feb. 2015.
- C. E. Authority, “Report on fly ash generation at coal/lignite based thermal power stations and its utilization in the country for the year 2014–15,” 2016.
- G. J. L. van der Wegen and J. M. J. M. Bijen, “Properties of concrete made with three types of artificial PFA coarse aggregates,” International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 159–167, Aug. 1985.
- Hoff and G. C, “High-strength lightweight aggregate concrete–current status and future needs,” 1990.
- C. Shi, Z. Wu, K. Lv, and L. Wu, “A review on mixture design methods for self-compacting concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 84, pp. 387–398, Jun. 2015.
- M. S. Nadesan and P. Dinakar, “Structural concrete using sintered flyash lightweight aggregate: A review,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 154, pp. 928–944, 2017.
- M. Temimi, J. P. Camps, and M. Laquerbe, “Valorization of fly ash in the cold stabilization of clay materials,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 15, no. 3–4, pp. 219–234, Dec. 1995.
- H. CHO, D. OH, and K. KIM, “A study on removal characteristics of heavy metals from aqueous solution by fly ash,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 127, no. 1–3, pp. 187–195, Dec. 2005.
- M. Ahmaruzzaman, “A review on the utilization of fly ash,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 327–363, Jun. 2010.
- P. G. Dolby, “Report on fly ash generation at coal/lignite based thermal power stations and its utilization in the country for the year 2014–15.,” 2016.
- E. R. Dunstan Jr, “Ash-in-concrete model development. No. EPRI-GS-6129. Electric Power Research Inst.,” 1989.
- B. KUTCHKO and A. KIM, “Fly ash characterization by SEM–EDS,” Fuel, vol. 85, no. 17–18, pp. 2537–2544, Dec. 2006.
- H. J. H. Brouwers and R. J. Van Eijk, “Fly ash reactivity: Extension and application of a shrinking core model and thermodynamic approach,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 2129–2141, 2002.
- Mehta, “TESTING AND CORRELATION OF FLY ASH PROPERTIES WITH RESPECT TO POZZOLANIC BEHAVIOR,” 1984.
- J. Silva, “Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete maturu sindhu 234R-96 Guide for t he Use of Silica Fume in Concret e Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete CONCRETE.”
- A. B. Harwalkar and S. S. Awanti, “Laboratory and Field Investigations on High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete for Rigid Pavement,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, vol. 2441, no. 1, pp. 121–127, Jan. 2014.
- C. Y. Lee, H. K. Lee, and K. M. Lee, “Strength and microstructural characteristics of chemically activated fly ash–cement systems,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 425–431, Mar. 2003.
- Y. Yao, J. K. Gong, and Z. Cui, “Anti-corrosion performance and microstructure analysis on a marine concrete utilizing coal combustion byproducts and blast furnace slag,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 545–554, Mar. 2014.
- Y. Kocak and S. Nas, “The effect of using fly ash on the strength and hydration characteristics of blended cements,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 73, pp. 25–32, Dec. 2014.
- L. Lam, Y. . Wong, and C. . Poon, “Degree of hydration and gel/space ratio of high-volume fly ash/cement systems,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 747–756, May 2000.
- R. Demirboǧa and R. Gül, “The effects of expanded perlite aggregate, silica fume and fly ash on the thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 723–727, 2003.
- N. Schwarz and N. Neithalath, “Influence of a fine glass powder on cement hydration: Comparison to fly ash and modeling the degree of hydration,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 429–436, Apr. 2008.
- N. U. Kockal and T. Ozturan, “Characteristics of lightweight fly ash aggregates produced with different binders and heat treatments,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 61–67, Jan. 2011.
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